암호화의 개요

An Overview of Cryptography

Gary C. Kessler
9 March 2014

© 1998-2014 — A much shorter, edited version of this paper appears in the 1999 Edition of Handbook on Local Area Networks,
published by Auerbach in September 1998. Since that time, this paper has taken on a life of its own...

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CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. THE PURPOSE OF CRYPTOGRAPHY 3. TYPES OF CRYPTOGRAPHIC ALGORITHMS 3.1. Secret Key Cryptography 3.2. Public-Key Cryptography 3.3. Hash Functions 3.4. Why Three Encryption Techniques? 3.5. The Significance of Key Length 4. TRUST MODELS 4.1. PGP Web of Trust 4.2. Kerberos 4.3. Public Key Certificates and Certification Authorities 4.4. Summary 5. CRYPTOGRAPHIC ALGORITHMS IN ACTION 5.1. Password Protection 5.2. Some of the Finer Details of Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange 5.3. Some of the Finer Details of RSA Public-Key Cryptography 5.4. Some of the Finer Details of DES, Breaking DES, and DES Variants 5.5. Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) 5.6. IP Security (IPsec) Protocol 5.7. The SSL Family of Secure Transaction Protocols for the World Wide Web 5.8. Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) 5.9. The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and Rijndael 5.10. Cisco's Stream Cipher 5.11. TrueCrypt 5.12. Encrypting File System (EFS) 6. CONCLUSION... OF SORTS 7. REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING A. SOME MATH NOTES A.1. The Exclusive-OR (XOR) Function A.2. The modulo Function A.3. Information Theory and Entropy ABOUT THE AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

FIGURES Three types of cryptography: secret-key, public key, and hash function. Sample application of the three cryptographic techniques for secure communication. Kerberos architecture. GTE Cybertrust Global Root-issued certificate (Netscape Navigator). Sample entries in Unix/Linux password files. DES enciphering algorithm. A PGP signed message. A PGP encrypted message. The decrypted message. IPsec Authentication Header format. IPsec Encapsulating Security Payload format. IPsec tunnel and transport modes for AH. IPsec tunnel and transport modes for ESP. Keyed-hash MAC operation. Browser encryption configuration screen (Firefox). SSL/TLS protocol handshake. Elliptic curve addition. AES pseudocode. TrueCrypt screen shot (Windows). TrueCrypt screen shot (MacOS). TrueCrypt hidden encrypted volume within an encrypted volume. EFS and Windows Explorer. The cipher command. EFS key storage. The $LOGGED_UTILITY_STREAM Attribute. TABLES Minimum Key Lengths for Symmetric Ciphers. Contents of an X.509 V3 Certificate. Other Crypto Algorithms and Systems of Note. ECC and RSA Key Comparison.

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